{"id":28417,"date":"2018-02-01T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2018-01-31T22:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/museuterra.srvcactus.com\/article\/article-migrant-mother\/"},"modified":"2025-07-15T17:57:56","modified_gmt":"2025-07-15T15:57:56","slug":"article-migrant-mother","status":"publish","type":"article","link":"https:\/\/museuterra.srvcactus.com\/fr\/article\/article-migrant-mother\/","title":{"rendered":"Migrant mother"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Al mar\u00e7 de 1936, Dorothea Lange tornava del seu darrer enc\u00e0rrec fotogr\u00e0fic per les valls de Calif\u00f2rnia. Sota el paraig\u00fces de la\u00a0Resettlement Administration<\/em> dels Estats Units \u2013que un any despr\u00e9s es convertiria en l\u2019FSA, la\u00a0Farm Security Administration\u2013 <\/em>havia estat documentant el desastre social de les migracions provocades pel\u00a0Dust Bowl<\/em>. Circulava amb la seva camioneta en direcci\u00f3 a Washington amb una gran quantitat de pel\u00b7l\u00edcula exposada, preparada per ser revelada i seleccionada sota les meticuloses directrius de Roy Stryker, que dirigia la secci\u00f3 d\u2019informaci\u00f3 de l\u2019ag\u00e8ncia.<\/p>\n

Lange formava part d\u2019un equip variable de fot\u00f2grafs encarregats de documentar minuciosament la situaci\u00f3 de les fam\u00edlies migrades de les Grans Planes i que llavors ja estaven disseminades en campaments improvisats al costat dels cultius californians. Un equip amb missions de documentaci\u00f3 molt estrictes, per\u00f2 que deixava fer als fot\u00f2grafs a l\u2019hora d\u2019imprimir la visi\u00f3 fotogr\u00e0fica pr\u00f2pia a les seves imatges. En un moment o altre, a m\u00e9s de Lange, grans autors com Walker Evans, Russell Lee, Arthur Rothstein o Gordon Parks van ser membres de l\u2019equip de l\u2019FSA, creant un arxiu de m\u00e9s de 160.000 fotografies que havien de servir per avaluar la situaci\u00f3 i justificar part de les pol\u00edtiques federals del\u00a0New Deal<\/em> de Roosevelt. Tota aquesta documentaci\u00f3 oficial, juntament amb textos de periodistes, audiovisuals com el de Pare Lorentz \u2013un fragment del qual podeu veure a l\u2019inici de l'exposici\u00f3 The Dust Bowl<\/em><\/a>\u2013 i les brillants narracions de John Steinbeck, sobretot a The Grapes of Wrath\u00a0<\/em>(El ra\u00efm de la ira<\/em>), per\u00f2 tamb\u00e9 a\u00a0Of Mice and Men\u00a0<\/em>(Homes i ratolins<\/em>) i als articles period\u00edstics previs recollits a\u00a0The Harvest Gypsies\u00a0<\/em>(Els rodam\u00f3ns de la collita<\/em>), han conformat bona part de l\u2019imaginari de la Gran Depressi\u00f3 i del\u00a0New Deal\u00a0que ha arribat als nostres dies.<\/p>\n

Lange seguia conduint la seva camioneta. Passant prop de Nipomo, va veure al peu d\u2019un dels camps de cultiu una dona amb les seves filles dins d\u2019una tenda improvisada. Va decidir continuar endavant, tenia material suficient i, segons va explicar ella mateixa, va pensar que acabaria trobant el mateix, la mis\u00e8ria de la Gran Depressi\u00f3 en els rostres de fam\u00edlies nombroses; el que no havien perdut, ho havien abandonat darrere seu, primer les collites, despr\u00e9s els camps, les granges i les cases\u2026 i m\u00e9s tard, ja en el seu cam\u00ed d\u2019angoixa cap a Calif\u00f2rnia, els cotxes i les camionetes avariades i, finalment, tot el que no eren capa\u00e7os de carregar a l\u2019esquena.<\/p>\n

Vint quil\u00f2metres despr\u00e9s, per\u00f2, va canviar d\u2019idea, va fer mitja volta i va retornar a Nipomo a fotografiar aquella dona. L\u2019encert d\u2019aquell cop de volant ens va acabar donant \u201cla fotografia\u201d de la Gran Depressi\u00f3. Migrant mother<\/em>\u00a0(Mare migrant<\/em>), t\u00edtol amb el que ha passat a la hist\u00f2ria, \u00e9s en primera inst\u00e0ncia el retrat de Florence Owens Thompson i tres de les seves filles, incloent-hi un nad\u00f3 que a primer cop d\u2019ull pot passar desapercebut. La resta de la fam\u00edlia, el seu marit i els altres quatre fills, havien anat al centre de la ciutat per reparar el radiador del cotxe. Provenien d\u2019Oklahoma. De fet, Florence era cherokee<\/em> i havia nascut quan aquest estat encara era conegut dins la uni\u00f3 com a Territori indi<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Segons el seu propi testimoni, Lange va disparar cinc retrats a Florence, cada cop acostant-s\u2019hi m\u00e9s. Van intercanviar poques paraules, per\u00f2 Florence la va deixar treballar pensant que aquelles imatges podrien ajudar-los. L\u2019efecte dramatitzador de la fotografia quan es va publicar a la premsa de l\u2019\u00e8poca va construir una aura d\u2019exageraci\u00f3 del cas, ja de per s\u00ed prou delicat, fins al punt d\u2019explicar-se durant molts anys que la fam\u00edlia estava en una mena de llims de la societat, en la mis\u00e8ria m\u00e9s absoluta, menjant ocells que ca\u00e7aven, verdures de sobrer dels camps dels voltants \u2013congelades pel dur hivern\u2013, i venent les peces del cotxe una a una. Moltes d\u2019aquestes descripcions, provinents del relat de Lange sobre la fotografia, van ser desmentides per la mateixa protagonista i la seva fam\u00edlia anys despr\u00e9s. Tot i que la situaci\u00f3 familiar era complexa, ni ca\u00e7aven ocells, ni van vendre les rodes del cotxe. Florence i la seva fam\u00edlia esperaven poder reparar el vehicle per seguir, de collita en collita, treballant de temporers i tirar endavant, dia a dia, que \u00e9s el que van acabar fent.<\/p>\n

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Deixant de banda les precisions de la hist\u00f2ria de la fam\u00edlia de Florence, la fotografia ha esdevingut universal no per l\u2019exactitud del peu de foto, sin\u00f3 per la simbologia que guarda. S\u2019han escrit llibres, assajos est\u00e8tics i milers d\u2019articles al voltant d\u2019aquesta imatge. T\u00e8cnicament,\u00a0Migrant mother<\/em>\u00a0\u00e9s una composici\u00f3 fotogr\u00e0fica perfecta, lleugerament desenfocada i realitzada en una sola presa. La llum \u00e9s excel\u00b7lent, aix\u00ed com el pes dels personatges dins l\u2019enquadrament. Una dona amb la mirada perduda sost\u00e9 en bra\u00e7os el seu nad\u00f3 adormit, ali\u00e8 a les condicions que viu la seva fam\u00edlia, mentre dues filles m\u00e9s amaguen el rostre, buscant la protecci\u00f3 materna potser davant d\u2019una vergonya que la mare no est\u00e0 disposada a concedir davant la c\u00e0mera. Com si fos una pintura renaixentista, l\u2019escena evoca a una marededeu amb el futur de la humanitat en bra\u00e7os flanquejada per dos querubins innocents.<\/p>\n

La imatge tamb\u00e9 t\u00e9 la polis\u00e8mia de tota obra mestra, en un mateix pla hi podreu llegir dificultat, mis\u00e8ria, tristor, desesperaci\u00f3 o preocupaci\u00f3 amb la mateixa intensitat que hi trobareu fortalesa, coratge, amor o dignitat que \u00e9s, precisament, una de les poques coses que aquelles fam\u00edlies no van perdre mai. Els perfectes equilibris t\u00e8cnics i metaf\u00f2rics que cont\u00e9 s\u00f3n els que la converteixen, possiblement, en una de les deu millors fotografies de tota la hist\u00f2ria, aquelles que s\u00f3n indefugiblement magn\u00e8tiques.<\/p>\n

Fotografia:\u00a0Migrant mother<\/em><\/strong>. Dorothea Lange, 1936. Cortesia de la Library of Congress. Prints and Photographs Division.\u00a0N\u00fam. Rep. LC-DIG-ppmsca-23845<\/a>.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":31795,"template":"","format":[203],"autor":[229],"ods":[265],"seccio":[190],"class_list":["post-28417","article","type-article","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","autor-albert-carreras-ballart","format-article","ods-art-patrimoni-cultura","seccio-reflexio"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nMigrant mother - Museu Terra<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Explora la hist\u00f2ria darrere de \u00abMigrant Mother\u00bb, la fotografia de Dorothea Lange que va capturar la cruesa de la Gran Depressi\u00f3 i l'esperit de les fam\u00edlies migrants.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/museuterra.srvcactus.com\/article\/article-migrant-mother\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Migrant mother - 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