{"id":28418,"date":"2019-01-04T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-01-03T22:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/museuterra.srvcactus.com\/article\/article-republica-territori-i-guerres-indies\/"},"modified":"2025-07-14T17:08:44","modified_gmt":"2025-07-14T15:08:44","slug":"article-republica-territori-i-guerres-indies","status":"publish","type":"article","link":"https:\/\/museuterra.srvcactus.com\/es\/article\/article-republica-territori-i-guerres-indies\/","title":{"rendered":"Rep\u00fablica, territori i guerres \u00edndies"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_section et_pb_section_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_section_regular et_block_section\" >\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_row et_pb_row_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et_block_row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_d4_element et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column et_pb_column_0  et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode et-last-child et_block_column\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_0  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Quan el\u00a0<em>Dust Bowl\u00a0<\/em>va arrassar les Grans Planes de l\u2019oest nord-americ\u00e0 a la d\u00e8cada dels anys 30, feia m\u00e9s de 40 anys que s\u2019havien acabat les anomenades guerres \u00edndies, que havien enfrontat el govern dels Estats Units amb les tribus que acarnissadament es resistiren a la pol\u00edtica de confinament en reserves organitzades per americanitzar-les i assegurar-ne la submissi\u00f3 al poder pol\u00edtic.<\/p>\n<p>Des de la independ\u00e8ncia de les col\u00f2nies brit\u00e0niques, l\u2019expansi\u00f3 vers l\u2019oest va estar acompanyada de tota mena de dificultats. Per explorar-lo, despr\u00e9s de la compra de Louisiana als francesos, l\u2019expedici\u00f3 de Meriwether Lewis i William Clark s\u2019endins\u00e0, amb els auspicis de Thomas Jefferson, fins a la llunyana regi\u00f3 de Missouri. M\u00e9s endavant, altres expedicions cobriren aquelles contrades. Per\u00f2, cal assenyalar les difer\u00e8ncies entre els pioners del XVIII, que indagaren les possibilitats comercials d\u2019aquells territoris, i els colons o camperols que s\u2019establiren i conrearen aquelles terres com a pr\u00f2pies, abans fins i tot del reconeixement del seu dret a la propietat.<\/p>\n<p>Aquells que travessaren l\u2019anomenat\u00a0<em>Midwest<\/em>\u00a0(Oest Mitj\u00e0) conegueren l\u2019aridesa de les Grans Planes, un immens altipl\u00e0 escombrat per la for\u00e7a del vent. A m\u00e9s, hagueren d\u2019enfrontar-se als indis pawnees, kiowas i sioux que van ser un obstacle poder\u00f3s. Els indis subsistien gr\u00e0cies al bis\u00f3, menjaven la seva carn -seca o fresca- i cobrien, amb la seva pell, les tendes, el cos i fins i tot les canoes. Les concentracions \u00edndies m\u00e9s grans, les del sud, eren semin\u00f2mades que vivien d\u2019una agricultura a petita escala, de la recollida d\u2019arr\u00f2s salvatge i de l\u2019elaboraci\u00f3 de sucre a partir d\u2019arbres com l\u2019aur\u00f3 blanc, per\u00f2 sobretot de la ca\u00e7a. Per aquesta ra\u00f3, seguien els moviments de les manades de bisons.<\/p>\n<p>La crisi i desaparici\u00f3 d\u2019aquestes formes de vida varen ser, en part, conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia directa de l\u2019eliminaci\u00f3 dels bisons. Milers de treballadors es van adre\u00e7ar a l\u2019oest gr\u00e0cies a l\u2019expansi\u00f3 del ferrocarril. Les fonts parlen que per alimentar-se es van matar prop de 4.300 bisons, entre el 1867 i el 1868, i que entre 1872 i 1875 comerciants de pells varen fer el mateix amb nou millons de bisons. Uns i altres deixaven abandonats els seus ossos que es podrien a l\u2019aire lliure i donaven al paisatge una ambientaci\u00f3 macabra. Les nacions \u00edndies tamb\u00e9 es van haver d\u2019enfrontar a transformacions intensives de la seva vida. En ocasions, les tribus van cedir les seves terres al\u00a0<em>Bureau of Indian Affairs<\/em>\u00a0(Oficina d\u2019Assumptes Indis) a canvi d\u2019un suport econ\u00f2mic que no sempre arrib\u00e0. Sovint, la resist\u00e8ncia \u00edndia i l\u2019esclat d\u2019enfrontaments armats van ser conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia de l\u2019incompliment de la pol\u00edtica territorial de distribuci\u00f3 de les terres (l\u2019entrega de les quals s\u2019havia exigit als indis) i de la seva substituci\u00f3 per la terra de les reserves. Tots dos combatents van cometre atrocitats sense fi. Per\u00f2, tot i aix\u00f2, la din\u00e0mica d\u2019aquestes guerres va ser for\u00e7a desigual. Al nord de les Grans Planes, els indis defensaven les seves terres; m\u00e9s al sud, els seus ramats; i arreu, les seves formes de vida.<\/p>\n<p>La fi de les guerres \u00edndies va oc\u00f2rrer quan, despr\u00e9s de la massacre de\u00a0<em>Wounded Knee<\/em>\u00a0(Dakota del Sud) els indis lakota varen entregar armes i cavalls. La pol\u00edtica posterior, basada en l\u2019entrega de les terres \u00edndies i en l\u2019assimilaci\u00f3 dels costums blancs, aconsegu\u00ed l\u2019eliminaci\u00f3 de la seva cultura i pales\u00e0 l\u2019ostent\u00f3s frac\u00e0s de la pol\u00edtica integradora del congr\u00e9s americ\u00e0.<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_image et_pb_image_0\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap \"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"798\" height=\"449\" src=\"https:\/\/museuterra.srvcactus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/lakota.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"lakota\" class=\"wp-image-26425\" \/><\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div class=\"et_pb_module et_d4_element et_pb_text et_pb_text_1  et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\">Fotografia:\u00a0<em>Four Lakota women standing, three holding infants in cradleboards, and a Lakota man on horseback, in front of a tipi, probably on or near Pine Ridge Reservation<\/em>.<br \/>\nGrabill, John C. H., 1891<br \/>\nLibrary of Congress: LC-USZ62-22969<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":26425,"template":"","format":[203],"autor":[241],"ods":[265,175],"seccio":[190],"class_list":["post-28418","article","type-article","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","autor-susanna-tavera-garcia","format-article","ods-art-patrimoni-cultura","ods-comunitats-sostenibles","seccio-reflexio"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Rep\u00fablica, territori i guerres \u00edndies - Museu Terra<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Un article de Susanna Tavera que analitza la complexa relaci\u00f3 entre els Estats Units, l&#039;expansi\u00f3 territorial i les guerres amb els pobles ind\u00edgenes. 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